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		Water Manual for Refugee Situations (UNHCR, 1992, 160 p.)
			(introduction...)
			Foreword
			Drinking water
			1. Introduction
			2. Assessment and organization
			3. The need
			4. Immediate response during emergencies
			5. Refugee water supply systems
			6. Water sources, their protection and development
			7. Pumping equipment
			8. Water treatment
			9. Water storage
			10. Water distribution systems
			11. Operation and maintenance of water supply systems
			12. Management of emergency water supply systems
			Annex A - Refugee water supply inventory forms
			Annex B - Approximate daily water requirements in refugee emergency situations
			Annex C - Guidelines on water quality
			Annex D - Recommended format for technical specifications for water well construction

Annex B - Approximate daily water requirements in refugee emergency situations

(Only for indicative purposes, actual values depend on many variables that should be assessed by specialists)

1. Human consumption

a) Minimum, "survival" allocation.

7 litres per capita

b) Minimum refugee camp allocation.

15-20 litres per capita

2. Services, at camp level (Additional to human consumption)

a) Out-Patient Health Centres

5 litres per patient

b) In-Patient Health Centres

40-60 litres per patient

c) Hospital (with laundry facilities)

220-300 litres per bed

d) Schools (Toilet requirements not included)

2 litres per student

e) Schools (water-flushed toilet system)

10-15 litres per student

f) Feeding Centres

20-30 litres per patient

g) Camp Administration. (Staff accommodation not included)

5 litres per capita

h) Staff accommodation

30 litres per capita

i) Mosques

5 litres per visitor

3. Livestock

a) Bovine cattle (4-5 times weight of ingested dry food)

25-30 litres per head

b) Horses, mules (3-4 times weight of ingested dry food)

20-25 litres per head

c) Goats and sheep (2-3 times weight of ingested dry food)

15-20 litres per head

d) Pigs (2-2.5 times weight of ingested dry food)

10-15 litres per head

e) Chicken

10-20 litres per 100

Agricultural Crop Requirements

* "Rule of Thumb" for irrigation

1 litre per second per hectare

a) Vegetable gardens

3-6 litres per square meter

b) Maize

2.5-5 litres per square meter

c) Rice

3-5.5 litres per square meter

d) Tomatoes

2.5-5 litres per square meter

e) Onions

2.5-4 litres per square meter

a) Minimum, "survival" allocation.	7 litres per capita
b) Minimum refugee camp allocation.	15-20 litres per capita

a) Out-Patient Health Centres	5 litres per patient
b) In-Patient Health Centres	40-60 litres per patient
c) Hospital (with laundry facilities)	220-300 litres per bed
d) Schools (Toilet requirements not included)	2 litres per student
e) Schools (water-flushed toilet system)	10-15 litres per student
f) Feeding Centres	20-30 litres per patient
g) Camp Administration. (Staff accommodation not included)	5 litres per capita
h) Staff accommodation	30 litres per capita
i) Mosques	5 litres per visitor

a) Bovine cattle (4-5 times weight of ingested dry food)	25-30 litres per head
b) Horses, mules (3-4 times weight of ingested dry food)	20-25 litres per head
c) Goats and sheep (2-3 times weight of ingested dry food)	15-20 litres per head
d) Pigs (2-2.5 times weight of ingested dry food)	10-15 litres per head
e) Chicken	10-20 litres per 100

* "Rule of Thumb" for irrigation	1 litre per second per hectare
a) Vegetable gardens	3-6 litres per square meter
b) Maize	2.5-5 litres per square meter
c) Rice	3-5.5 litres per square meter
d) Tomatoes	2.5-5 litres per square meter
e) Onions	2.5-4 litres per square meter