Native pig production

Native pigs are important sources of income, food and manure on small farms. Native pigs are sold to friends and neighbors, used during special occasions or serve as a profitable part-time job for family members. These pigs are considered sturdy and are more resistant to various hog diseases. They can survive on kitchen wastes and farm-grown feeds or farm by-products.

Backyard swine raisers may prefer to raise native pigs than the imparted breeds of swine mainly due to the scarcity of capital resources to purchase initial stock and to build a house/pen and to provide commercial feeds.

Table 3. Comparison.

		UPGRADED	PURE BREED
Age (from birth to market) native	7-9 months	7 months	4.5-5.5 months
Carcass weight	40 kilos	50 kilos	60-70 kilos

Low-cost housing/pen of native pigs

Considerations:

1. Site - Elevated, near water source

2. Orientation - East to west orientation; with this type of orientation, floor of the pen is kept dry.

3. Roofing materials - Cogon, nipa, used G.l. sheets

4. Flooring materials

a. Cement

- Thickness: 3.5-4" (88.9-102 mm)
- Preparation: 1 part cement, 3 parts gravel, 2.5 parts sand, 2/3 parts water

b. Wood slabs c. Bamboo

5. Space requirement for two heads of pigs: 2 sq m

6. Sidings: bamboo

Note: Gliricidia and Leucaena are not applicable since these could be eaten up by the pigs.

Height of sidings:

36" (914 mm) for fatteners and breeders
30" (762 mm) for weanlings and starters

7. Feeding and watering trough materials used:

a. cement
b. wood
c. bamboo
d. halved-tire

Feeds and Feeding

Common ways of preparing feeds

1. Grinding

This would depend on the age of the animal to be fed. Young animals do not have fully developed digestive system, hence, there is a need for grains to undergo the process.
Example: Corn

2. Cooking

Through this process, the feeding value of some feed stuff is increased. Likewise, calcium oxalate which causes itchiness is destroyed.
Examples: Beans and gabi

Table 4. Feeding management.

Weight	No. of Feeding time	Feeding	Average
		System	Daily Intake
10 kgs (12.2 Ibs)	4x a day	Dry feeding	1-2 kgs a day
45 kgs (99 lbs)	3x a day	Wet feeding	2.2 kgs a day
55 kgs (121 lbs)	2-3x a day	Wet feeding	2.5 kgs a day

Considerations:

1. The number of feeding time presented would minimize feed wastage.

Note: Decrease the amount of feed given to animals with diarrhea.

2. Dry feeding is recommended for starters since they still have less feed intake; that way, spoilage of feeds is minimized.

Table 5. Examples of Feedstuff for native pigs

		Parts used
A. Protein sources
1. Madre de Cacao		Leaves, stems,
	Gliricidia sepium	flowers, fruits
	Kakawat
2. Ipil-ipil		Leaves, stems,
	Leucaena leucocephala	flowers, fruits
3. Cowpea		Leaves, stems,
	Visna sinensis	flowers, fruits
	Paayap
4. Hyacinth bean		Leaves, stems,
	Dolichos lablab	flowers, fruits
	Batao
B. Energy sources
1. Corn		Grain
	Zea mays
	Mais
2. Cassava		Root
	Manihot esculenta
	Kamoteng kahoy, balinghoy
3. Sweet potato		Root
	Ipomoea batatas
	Kamote
4. Taro		Root
	Colocasia esculenta
	Gabi
5. Ubi		Tuber
	Dioscora alata
	Ubi
6. Arrow root		Root
	Maranta arudinacea
	Uraro
7. Tugul		Root
	Dioscorea esculenta
C. Vitamin and mineral sources
1 Malunggay		Leaves, stems, flowers, fruits
	Moringa oleifera
	Malunggay, kalunggay
2. Amaranth		Leaves
	Amaranthas spinosus
	Uray, kulitis
3. Sweet potato		Leaves, vines
	Impomea batatas
	Kamote
4. Gabi		Leaves, petiole
	Colocassia esculenta
D. Water sources
1. Sweet potato		Leaves, stems,
	Ipomea batatas	flowers
	Kamote
2. Kangkong (upland)		Leaves, stems
	Ipomea aquatica

Table 6. Examples of Feed Rations.

Starter (18% CP)	Grower to fattener
	(14-16% CP)
1. Rice bran (D1) - 5.4 kgs. Com bran - 4.6 kgs	Rice bran - 7.2 kgs sapal - 2.8 kgs
2. Midlings - 6.3 kgs Com gluten - 3.6 kgs	2. Kamote (roots) - 5.0 kgs Ipil (leaves) - 5.0 kgs
	3. Cassava (roots) - 3.2kgs Rice bran - 6.8 kgs
	4. Com bran - 3.0 kgs Mollases - 2.0 kgs
	Tugui (roots) -1.5 kgs
	Fish washings -1.0 kgs
	Ipil (Leaves) - 2.5 kas

Table 7. Native pig diseases and Their Common causes and treatment

Disease	Transmission	Signs/symptoms	Treatment
A. Bacterial
1. Swine	Dirty feeds, water and pen	Acute form - lameness, vomiting, diarrhea, reddening of skin in thighs and abdomen	Decoction of guava or caimito leaves
Erysipelas	Nose	Chronic form - recurring lameness	Penicillin Streptomycin
	Open wounds	Urticarial form - fever, anorexia, reddening of skin in abdomen, inner thighs, chest and back (diamond-shape)
2. Colibacillosis	Dirty feeds and water	Whitish to yellowish diarrhea	Decoction of guava or caimito leaves
	Unsanitary condition of peo	Anorexia	Coco juice
	Spoiled feedstuff	Swollen eyelids	Antibiotic
			Trimethoprim
			Sulfa preparation
B. Viral
Diseases due to virus are difficult to treat. There is no specific medication to combat the disease. Antibiotics, vitamins and minerals are given to fight secondary bacterial infections.
1. Hog cholera	Contact with discharges from sick pig	Vascular discharge	Serum
	Dirty feeds, water and pen	High fever	Vitamin and minerals
		Diarrhea, then constipation	Tetracycline
			Coco juice
2. Foot and mouth disease	Contact with discharges from sick pig	Drooling of saliva	Gentian violet saturated with alum
		Anorexia (inappetence)
		Vesicles in mouth, hooves and udder
C. Parasitic
1. Mange/Scabies	Contact with infested pigs	Frequent scratching	Apply used motor oil all over the belly
		Alopecia (hair loss)	Extracts of kakawati
		Untriftiness
		Thickening of skin
2. Lice (oflenly seen in less hairy areas of the body	Contact with infested pigs	Unthriftiness	Raw seeds of kakawati
	Voracious eater but poor feed conversion	Thick, rough hair	Raw seeds of ipil-ipil
		Raw seeds of squash

Note: Preparation and application of herbal medicines are presented in Plant-based Livestock Medication, Booklet No. 4.

Table 8. Vaccination program for native pigs

Vaccine	First dose	Next dose
1. Hog cholera	45 days old	after 6 months
2. FMD	1-2 months	after 6 months

Note: Consider disease indicence in the area as to which vaccine would ho given first

Table 9. Herbal medicine

Plant	Parts used	Indication	Preparation
1. Sambong Blumea balsamifera	Leaves	Colds	Boil leaves in water. Give 0.5-1.0 liter as drench 2x a day for 1-5 days.
		Fever
		Diarrhea
2. Ipi-ipil	Seeds	Roundworms	Grind and mix seeds into 5-8 oz of water. Given as drench.
Leucaena leucocephala Note: This is contraindicated with pregnant sows/gilt.
3. Squash	Seeds	Tapeworms	Mix raw seeds in feeds.
Cucurbita maxima
4. Starapple Chrysophyllum cainito	Leaves	Diarrhea	Boil 1 kg of leaves in 1 liter of water for 15 minutes Give 1 cup 2x a day for 1-3 days
5 Saba Musa sapientum	Leaves	Diarrhea	Chop leaves and mix with feeds.
6 Madre de Cacao Gliricidia sepium	Seeds	Roundworms	Mix seeds with feeds.
7 Malunggay Moringa oleifera	Leaves	Anemia	Give 1 cc extract for day old pigs, once 9 day for 3-5 days (if necessary).
8. Guava Psidium guajava	Leaves	Diarrhea	Boil leaves and give 1-2 glasses of decoction 2-3x a day for 1-2 days.